Samhain (an Old Irish (pre-Gaelic) word pronounced “sow en” or “sow een”) marked the end of one year and the beginning of the next, sort of an agrarian New Year’s Day. It was celebrated midway between the Autumnal Equinox and the Winter Solstice (one of the “cross quarter” days), and generally marked the last harvest of the year. It began the “dark” half of the Celtic calendar—the ancient Celts dividing their year between dark and light (the old Beltane, which has morphed into May Day, begins the light half).
Formalized observance of some sort is unquestionably ancient (it was marked with a three-day festival in medieval Ireland, but by that point was a holiday already older than memory), but the exact beginnings and nature of those observances remain in the realm of educated guesswork. One of the nicer versions of “typical observances” I’ve read details the lighting of a communal bonfire in the center of a village and the extinguishing of all other fires and lights. Everyone in the village would then carry lit kindling from this common fire to light their family hearth, uniting every house and hearth with that single fire. I guess if you liked your neighbors, this felt really unifying and reassuring. If you didn’t like them, I bet this would be the ancient equivalent of “Christmas Spirit”—an annual reminder that we’re all in this together, so lighten the fuck up and try not to be such a bastard. It was also (almost certainly) an important rite of thanks to the gods for another year survived, and a plea for help getting through the coming winter months. The English word for “bonfire” is dervied from “bone fire”—the bones of cattle (a few sources specifically mention the bones of every cow and bull slaughtered in the previous year) would be piled on top of these ritual fires as tribute for everything received since the last Samhain.
Everything we now celebrated as Halloween originated with the ancient Irish. In Irish mythology, the warrior-queen Scáthach (whose name means “shadowy one”) would lower her shield on Samhain night, allowing the dead to cross over into the world of the living. The Irish would expect these visitors—the souls of those who had passed away and of those who had yet to be born—and would welcome them with food, drink, and entertainment. Sometimes, evil spirits would kidnap the living and drag them back over to the shadow realm, or cause general mischief and ruin. To prevent the former, anyone travelling at night would wear a mask, fooling malevolent spirits into thinking the traveler was one of them. To combat the latter, turnips, beets, or potatoes would be hollowed out and carved with frightening faces, then illuminated from within by a candle, frightening off anything intent on havoc or making evil spirits think some other bogey was already on the clock at the house decorated with glowing, scowling faces. That so many elements of this holiday have survived intact (even if renamed) is amazing.
I’m sure it’s predictable that this is my favorite holiday. It connects us with the fundamental human problem—what happens after death—and provides the comforting thought of Samhain feasts to come, when we might be waiting on the other side of the dark shield.
Not that I did anything to mark the occasion, other than my own half-assed oddball spirituality (which mainly consists of thinking a specific set of good thoughts and the equivalent of giving dead friends and loved ones a casual “sup?” every so often). The older meanings and significance of these holidays always inspires me to wish I had observed them more formally and faithfully, though the pace and structure of the lives we choose for ourselves tends to be an impediment. Even someone like me, who works at home and doesn’t have much of an external schedule to keep, needs to slow the fuck down and think about being more thoughtful. It’s a fitting time of year to remind myself to embrace superstition in more meaningful ways.
And for anyone who thinks this is coming a few minutes late (just after midnight, local time) two closing notes: the ancient Irish counted the day as beginning at nightfall, so it’s not even afternoon yet, and the original Samhain would have been celebrated on the nearest full moon to today (November 1st). It’s a new moon right now, so we’re almost right in the middle of the lunar cycle. Consult your local druid—I might be two weeks early.